From 2986743a8c4da82f0e2d71339ed808384bde65ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Wagner Augusto Andreoli <wagnerandreoli@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2015 03:10:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] Add an option to fix imports before linting, make all code
 conform to the linting rules

---
 {{cookiecutter.app_name}}/README.rst          |  2 +-
 {{cookiecutter.app_name}}/manage.py           | 36 +++++++++++-----
 {{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/__init__.py   |  1 +
 {{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/conftest.py   |  6 ++-
 {{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/factories.py  | 16 +++++--
 .../tests/test_config.py                      |  5 ++-
 {{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_forms.py | 20 +++++----
 .../tests/test_functional.py                  | 42 +++++++++++--------
 .../tests/test_models.py                      | 23 ++++++----
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/__init__.py     |  1 +
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/app.py          | 22 ++++------
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/assets.py       | 21 +++++-----
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/compat.py       |  8 ++--
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/database.py     | 26 ++++++------
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/extensions.py   | 20 ++++-----
 .../public/__init__.py                        |  3 +-
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/forms.py |  9 +++-
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/views.py | 36 ++++++++--------
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/settings.py     | 10 ++++-
 .../user/__init__.py                          |  2 +-
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/forms.py   | 23 ++++++----
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/models.py  | 22 ++++++----
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/views.py   |  9 ++--
 .../{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/utils.py        |  5 +--
 24 files changed, 215 insertions(+), 153 deletions(-)

diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/README.rst b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/README.rst
index 9e11961..25ac2d3 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/README.rst
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/README.rst
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Then run the following commands to bootstrap your environment.
 
 ::
 
-    git clone https://github.com/{{cookiecutter.github_username}}/{{ cookiecutter.app_name }}
+    git clone https://github.com/{{cookiecutter.github_username}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}
     cd {{cookiecutter.app_name}}
     pip install -r requirements/dev.txt
     python manage.py server
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/manage.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/manage.py
index 6fbb022..eea8d24 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/manage.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/manage.py
@@ -2,18 +2,19 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Management script."""
 import os
+from glob import glob
 from subprocess import call
 
-from flask_script import Manager, Shell, Server, Command
-from flask_script.commands import Clean, ShowUrls
 from flask_migrate import MigrateCommand
+from flask_script import Command, Manager, Option, Server, Shell
+from flask_script.commands import Clean, ShowUrls
 
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.app import create_app
-from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.models import User
-from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.settings import DevConfig, ProdConfig
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.database import db
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.settings import DevConfig, ProdConfig
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.models import User
 
-if os.environ.get('{{cookiecutter.app_name | upper}}_ENV') == 'prod':
+if os.environ.get('MYFLASKAPP_ENV') == 'prod':
     app = create_app(ProdConfig)
 else:
     app = create_app(DevConfig)
@@ -40,16 +41,29 @@ def test():
 class Lint(Command):
     """Lint and check code style."""
 
-    def run(self):
+    def get_options(self):
+        """Command line options."""
+        return (
+            Option('-f', '--fix',
+                   action='store_true',
+                   dest='fix_imports',
+                   default=False,
+                   help='Fix imports before linting'),
+        )
+
+    def run(self, fix_imports):
         """Run command."""
         skip = ['requirements']
-        files = [name for name in next(os.walk('.'))[1] if not name.startswith('.') and name not in skip]
+        root_files = glob('*.py')
+        root_directories = [name for name in next(os.walk('.'))[1] if not name.startswith('.')]
+        arguments = [arg for arg in root_files + root_directories if arg not in skip]
 
-        command_line = ['isort', '-rc'] + files
-        print('Fixing import order: %s' % ' '.join(command_line))
-        call(command_line)
+        if fix_imports:
+            command_line = ['isort', '-rc'] + arguments
+            print('Fixing import order: %s' % ' '.join(command_line))
+            call(command_line)
 
-        command_line = ['flake8'] + files
+        command_line = ['flake8'] + arguments
         print('Checking code style: %s' % ' '.join(command_line))
         exit(call(command_line))
 
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/__init__.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/__init__.py
index e69de29..b0c2ab8 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Tests for the app."""
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/conftest.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/conftest.py
index 31118e7..f2472b5 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/conftest.py
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Defines fixtures available to all tests."""
-import os
 
 import pytest
 from webtest import TestApp
 
-from {{ cookiecutter.app_name }}.settings import TestConfig
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.app import create_app
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.database import db as _db
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.settings import TestConfig
 
 from .factories import UserFactory
 
 
 @pytest.yield_fixture(scope='function')
 def app():
+    """An application for the tests."""
     _app = create_app(TestConfig)
     ctx = _app.test_request_context()
     ctx.push()
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ def testapp(app):
 
 @pytest.yield_fixture(scope='function')
 def db(app):
+    """A database for the tests."""
     _db.app = app
     with app.app_context():
         _db.create_all()
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ def db(app):
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def user(db):
+    """A user for the tests."""
     user = UserFactory(password='myprecious')
     db.session.commit()
     return user
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/factories.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/factories.py
index 10b98ab..33efe7a 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/factories.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/factories.py
@@ -1,23 +1,31 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from factory import Sequence, PostGenerationMethodCall
+"""Factories to help in tests."""
+from factory import PostGenerationMethodCall, Sequence
 from factory.alchemy import SQLAlchemyModelFactory
 
-from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.models import User
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.database import db
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.models import User
 
 
 class BaseFactory(SQLAlchemyModelFactory):
+    """Base factory."""
 
     class Meta:
+        """Factory configuration."""
+
         abstract = True
         sqlalchemy_session = db.session
 
 
 class UserFactory(BaseFactory):
-    username = Sequence(lambda n: "user{0}".format(n))
-    email = Sequence(lambda n: "user{0}@example.com".format(n))
+    """User factory."""
+
+    username = Sequence(lambda n: 'user{0}'.format(n))
+    email = Sequence(lambda n: 'user{0}@example.com'.format(n))
     password = PostGenerationMethodCall('set_password', 'example')
     active = True
 
     class Meta:
+        """Factory configuration."""
+
         model = User
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_config.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_config.py
index c945dc7..4223730 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_config.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_config.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Test configs."""
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.app import create_app
-from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.settings import ProdConfig, DevConfig
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.settings import DevConfig, ProdConfig
 
 
 def test_production_config():
+    """Production config."""
     app = create_app(ProdConfig)
     assert app.config['ENV'] == 'prod'
     assert app.config['DEBUG'] is False
@@ -12,6 +14,7 @@ def test_production_config():
 
 
 def test_dev_config():
+    """Development config."""
     app = create_app(DevConfig)
     assert app.config['ENV'] == 'dev'
     assert app.config['DEBUG'] is True
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_forms.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_forms.py
index 53e5bd0..590d07f 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_forms.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_forms.py
@@ -1,38 +1,41 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-import pytest
+"""Test forms."""
 
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.public.forms import LoginForm
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.forms import RegisterForm
-from .factories import UserFactory
 
 
 class TestRegisterForm:
+    """Register form."""
 
     def test_validate_user_already_registered(self, user):
-        # Enters username that is already registered
+        """Enter username that is already registered."""
         form = RegisterForm(username=user.username, email='foo@bar.com',
-            password='example', confirm='example')
+                            password='example', confirm='example')
 
         assert form.validate() is False
         assert 'Username already registered' in form.username.errors
 
     def test_validate_email_already_registered(self, user):
-        # enters email that is already registered
+        """Enter email that is already registered."""
         form = RegisterForm(username='unique', email=user.email,
-            password='example', confirm='example')
+                            password='example', confirm='example')
 
         assert form.validate() is False
         assert 'Email already registered' in form.email.errors
 
     def test_validate_success(self, db):
+        """Register with success."""
         form = RegisterForm(username='newusername', email='new@test.test',
-            password='example', confirm='example')
+                            password='example', confirm='example')
         assert form.validate() is True
 
 
 class TestLoginForm:
+    """Login form."""
 
     def test_validate_success(self, user):
+        """Login successful."""
         user.set_password('example')
         user.save()
         form = LoginForm(username=user.username, password='example')
@@ -40,12 +43,14 @@ class TestLoginForm:
         assert form.user == user
 
     def test_validate_unknown_username(self, db):
+        """Unknown username."""
         form = LoginForm(username='unknown', password='example')
         assert form.validate() is False
         assert 'Unknown username' in form.username.errors
         assert form.user is None
 
     def test_validate_invalid_password(self, user):
+        """Invalid password."""
         user.set_password('example')
         user.save()
         form = LoginForm(username=user.username, password='wrongpassword')
@@ -53,6 +58,7 @@ class TestLoginForm:
         assert 'Invalid password' in form.password.errors
 
     def test_validate_inactive_user(self, user):
+        """Inactive user."""
         user.active = False
         user.set_password('example')
         user.save()
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_functional.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_functional.py
index ac489cd..6b9151f 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_functional.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_functional.py
@@ -3,19 +3,20 @@
 
 See: http://webtest.readthedocs.org/
 """
-import pytest
 from flask import url_for
 
-
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.models import User
+
 from .factories import UserFactory
 
 
 class TestLoggingIn:
+    """Login."""
 
     def test_can_log_in_returns_200(self, user, testapp):
+        """Login successful."""
         # Goes to homepage
-        res = testapp.get("/")
+        res = testapp.get('/')
         # Fills out login form in navbar
         form = res.forms['loginForm']
         form['username'] = user.username
@@ -25,7 +26,8 @@ class TestLoggingIn:
         assert res.status_code == 200
 
     def test_sees_alert_on_log_out(self, user, testapp):
-        res = testapp.get("/")
+        """Show alert on logout."""
+        res = testapp.get('/')
         # Fills out login form in navbar
         form = res.forms['loginForm']
         form['username'] = user.username
@@ -37,8 +39,9 @@ class TestLoggingIn:
         assert 'You are logged out.' in res
 
     def test_sees_error_message_if_password_is_incorrect(self, user, testapp):
+        """Show error if password is incorrect."""
         # Goes to homepage
-        res = testapp.get("/")
+        res = testapp.get('/')
         # Fills out login form, password incorrect
         form = res.forms['loginForm']
         form['username'] = user.username
@@ -46,11 +49,12 @@ class TestLoggingIn:
         # Submits
         res = form.submit()
         # sees error
-        assert "Invalid password" in res
+        assert 'Invalid password' in res
 
     def test_sees_error_message_if_username_doesnt_exist(self, user, testapp):
+        """Show error if username doesn't exist."""
         # Goes to homepage
-        res = testapp.get("/")
+        res = testapp.get('/')
         # Fills out login form, password incorrect
         form = res.forms['loginForm']
         form['username'] = 'unknown'
@@ -58,19 +62,21 @@ class TestLoggingIn:
         # Submits
         res = form.submit()
         # sees error
-        assert "Unknown user" in res
+        assert 'Unknown user' in res
 
 
 class TestRegistering:
+    """Register a user."""
 
     def test_can_register(self, user, testapp):
+        """Register a new user."""
         old_count = len(User.query.all())
         # Goes to homepage
-        res = testapp.get("/")
+        res = testapp.get('/')
         # Clicks Create Account button
-        res = res.click("Create account")
+        res = res.click('Create account')
         # Fills out the form
-        form = res.forms["registerForm"]
+        form = res.forms['registerForm']
         form['username'] = 'foobar'
         form['email'] = 'foo@bar.com'
         form['password'] = 'secret'
@@ -82,10 +88,11 @@ class TestRegistering:
         assert len(User.query.all()) == old_count + 1
 
     def test_sees_error_message_if_passwords_dont_match(self, user, testapp):
+        """Show error if passwords don't match."""
         # Goes to registration page
-        res = testapp.get(url_for("public.register"))
+        res = testapp.get(url_for('public.register'))
         # Fills out form, but passwords don't match
-        form = res.forms["registerForm"]
+        form = res.forms['registerForm']
         form['username'] = 'foobar'
         form['email'] = 'foo@bar.com'
         form['password'] = 'secret'
@@ -93,15 +100,16 @@ class TestRegistering:
         # Submits
         res = form.submit()
         # sees error message
-        assert "Passwords must match" in res
+        assert 'Passwords must match' in res
 
     def test_sees_error_message_if_user_already_registered(self, user, testapp):
+        """Show error if user already registered."""
         user = UserFactory(active=True)  # A registered user
         user.save()
         # Goes to registration page
-        res = testapp.get(url_for("public.register"))
+        res = testapp.get(url_for('public.register'))
         # Fills out form, but username is already registered
-        form = res.forms["registerForm"]
+        form = res.forms['registerForm']
         form['username'] = user.username
         form['email'] = 'foo@bar.com'
         form['password'] = 'secret'
@@ -109,4 +117,4 @@ class TestRegistering:
         # Submits
         res = form.submit()
         # sees error
-        assert "Username already registered" in res
+        assert 'Username already registered' in res
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_models.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_models.py
index feb7078..d321f5f 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_models.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/tests/test_models.py
@@ -4,14 +4,17 @@ import datetime as dt
 
 import pytest
 
-from {{ cookiecutter.app_name }}.user.models import User, Role
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.models import Role, User
+
 from .factories import UserFactory
 
 
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('db')
 class TestUser:
+    """User tests."""
 
     def test_get_by_id(self):
+        """Get user by ID."""
         user = User('foo', 'foo@bar.com')
         user.save()
 
@@ -19,18 +22,21 @@ class TestUser:
         assert retrieved == user
 
     def test_created_at_defaults_to_datetime(self):
+        """Test creation date."""
         user = User(username='foo', email='foo@bar.com')
         user.save()
         assert bool(user.created_at)
         assert isinstance(user.created_at, dt.datetime)
 
     def test_password_is_nullable(self):
+        """Test null password."""
         user = User(username='foo', email='foo@bar.com')
         user.save()
         assert user.password is None
 
     def test_factory(self, db):
-        user = UserFactory(password="myprecious")
+        """Test user factory."""
+        user = UserFactory(password='myprecious')
         db.session.commit()
         assert bool(user.username)
         assert bool(user.email)
@@ -40,16 +46,19 @@ class TestUser:
         assert user.check_password('myprecious')
 
     def test_check_password(self):
-        user = User.create(username="foo", email="foo@bar.com",
-                    password="foobarbaz123")
+        """Check password."""
+        user = User.create(username='foo', email='foo@bar.com',
+                           password='foobarbaz123')
         assert user.check_password('foobarbaz123') is True
-        assert user.check_password("barfoobaz") is False
+        assert user.check_password('barfoobaz') is False
 
     def test_full_name(self):
-        user = UserFactory(first_name="Foo", last_name="Bar")
-        assert user.full_name == "Foo Bar"
+        """User full name."""
+        user = UserFactory(first_name='Foo', last_name='Bar')
+        assert user.full_name == 'Foo Bar'
 
     def test_roles(self):
+        """Add a role to a user."""
         role = Role(name='admin')
         role.save()
         u = UserFactory()
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/__init__.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/__init__.py
index e69de29..5b52f8c 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/__init__.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Main application package."""
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/app.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/app.py
index c945411..62c54ff 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/app.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/app.py
@@ -2,22 +2,14 @@
 """The app module, containing the app factory function."""
 from flask import Flask, render_template
 
-from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.settings import ProdConfig
-from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.assets import assets
-from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.extensions import (
-    bcrypt,
-    cache,
-    db,
-    login_manager,
-    migrate,
-    debug_toolbar,
-)
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}} import public, user
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.assets import assets
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.extensions import bcrypt, cache, db, debug_toolbar, login_manager, migrate
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.settings import ProdConfig
 
 
 def create_app(config_object=ProdConfig):
-    """An application factory, as explained here:
-        http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/patterns/appfactories/
+    """An application factory, as explained here: http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/patterns/appfactories/.
 
     :param config_object: The configuration object to use.
     """
@@ -30,6 +22,7 @@ def create_app(config_object=ProdConfig):
 
 
 def register_extensions(app):
+    """Register Flask extensions."""
     assets.init_app(app)
     bcrypt.init_app(app)
     cache.init_app(app)
@@ -41,16 +34,19 @@ def register_extensions(app):
 
 
 def register_blueprints(app):
+    """Register Flask blueprints."""
     app.register_blueprint(public.views.blueprint)
     app.register_blueprint(user.views.blueprint)
     return None
 
 
 def register_errorhandlers(app):
+    """Register error handlers."""
     def render_error(error):
+        """Render error template."""
         # If a HTTPException, pull the `code` attribute; default to 500
         error_code = getattr(error, 'code', 500)
-        return render_template("{0}.html".format(error_code)), error_code
+        return render_template('{0}.html'.format(error_code)), error_code
     for errcode in [401, 404, 500]:
         app.errorhandler(errcode)(render_error)
     return None
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/assets.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/assets.py
index b425a85..833e2e3 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/assets.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/assets.py
@@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Application assets."""
 from flask_assets import Bundle, Environment
 
 css = Bundle(
-    "libs/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css",
-    "css/style.css",
-    filters="cssmin",
-    output="public/css/common.css"
+    'libs/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css',
+    'css/style.css',
+    filters='cssmin',
+    output='public/css/common.css'
 )
 
 js = Bundle(
-    "libs/jQuery/dist/jquery.js",
-    "libs/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.js",
-    "js/plugins.js",
+    'libs/jQuery/dist/jquery.js',
+    'libs/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.js',
+    'js/plugins.js',
     filters='jsmin',
-    output="public/js/common.js"
+    output='public/js/common.js'
 )
 
 assets = Environment()
 
-assets.register("js_all", js)
-assets.register("css_all", css)
+assets.register('js_all', js)
+assets.register('css_all', css)
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/compat.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/compat.py
index 863f2a0..f749d7c 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/compat.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/compat.py
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import sys
 PY2 = int(sys.version[0]) == 2
 
 if PY2:
-    text_type = unicode
+    text_type = unicode  # noqa
     binary_type = str
-    string_types = (str, unicode)
-    unicode = unicode
-    basestring = basestring
+    string_types = (str, unicode)  # noqa
+    unicode = unicode  # noqa
+    basestring = basestring  # noqa
 else:
     text_type = str
     binary_type = bytes
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/database.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/database.py
index 5d88d4d..8265fb8 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/database.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/database.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""Database module, including the SQLAlchemy database object and DB-related
-utilities.
-"""
+"""Database module, including the SQLAlchemy database object and DB-related utilities."""
 from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
 
-from .extensions import db
 from .compat import basestring
+from .extensions import db
 
 # Alias common SQLAlchemy names
 Column = db.Column
@@ -13,9 +11,7 @@ relationship = relationship
 
 
 class CRUDMixin(object):
-    """Mixin that adds convenience methods for CRUD (create, read, update, delete)
-    operations.
-    """
+    """Mixin that adds convenience methods for CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations."""
 
     @classmethod
     def create(cls, **kwargs):
@@ -41,32 +37,34 @@ class CRUDMixin(object):
         db.session.delete(self)
         return commit and db.session.commit()
 
+
 class Model(CRUDMixin, db.Model):
     """Base model class that includes CRUD convenience methods."""
+
     __abstract__ = True
 
 
 # From Mike Bayer's "Building the app" talk
 # https://speakerdeck.com/zzzeek/building-the-app
 class SurrogatePK(object):
-    """A mixin that adds a surrogate integer 'primary key' column named
-    ``id`` to any declarative-mapped class.
-    """
+    """A mixin that adds a surrogate integer 'primary key' column named ``id`` to any declarative-mapped class."""
+
     __table_args__ = {'extend_existing': True}
 
     id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
 
     @classmethod
     def get_by_id(cls, id):
+        """Get record by ID."""
         if any(
-            (isinstance(id, basestring) and id.isdigit(),
-             isinstance(id, (int, float))),
+                (isinstance(id, basestring) and id.isdigit(),
+                 isinstance(id, (int, float))),
         ):
             return cls.query.get(int(id))
         return None
 
 
-def ReferenceCol(tablename, nullable=False, pk_name='id', **kwargs):
+def ReferenceCol(tablename, nullable=False, pk_name='id', **kwargs):  # noqa
     """Column that adds primary key foreign key reference.
 
     Usage: ::
@@ -75,5 +73,5 @@ def ReferenceCol(tablename, nullable=False, pk_name='id', **kwargs):
         category = relationship('Category', backref='categories')
     """
     return db.Column(
-        db.ForeignKey("{0}.{1}".format(tablename, pk_name)),
+        db.ForeignKey('{0}.{1}'.format(tablename, pk_name)),
         nullable=nullable, **kwargs)
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/extensions.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/extensions.py
index af8ece3..7d86238 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/extensions.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/extensions.py
@@ -1,22 +1,16 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""Extensions module. Each extension is initialized in the app factory located
-in app.py
-"""
+"""Extensions module. Each extension is initialized in the app factory located in app.py."""
 
 from flask_bcrypt import Bcrypt
-bcrypt = Bcrypt()
-
+from flask_cache import Cache
+from flask_debugtoolbar import DebugToolbarExtension
 from flask_login import LoginManager
-login_manager = LoginManager()
-
+from flask_migrate import Migrate
 from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
-db = SQLAlchemy()
 
-from flask_migrate import Migrate
+bcrypt = Bcrypt()
+login_manager = LoginManager()
+db = SQLAlchemy()
 migrate = Migrate()
-
-from flask_cache import Cache
 cache = Cache()
-
-from flask_debugtoolbar import DebugToolbarExtension
 debug_toolbar = DebugToolbarExtension()
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/__init__.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/__init__.py
index 4260a43..234a4e5 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/__init__.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """The public module, including the homepage and user auth."""
-
-from . import views
+from . import views  # noqa
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/forms.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/forms.py
index 43da1de..ed7f1fe 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/forms.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/forms.py
@@ -1,20 +1,25 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Public forms."""
 from flask_wtf import Form
-from wtforms import TextField, PasswordField
+from wtforms import PasswordField, StringField
 from wtforms.validators import DataRequired
 
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.models import User
 
 
 class LoginForm(Form):
-    username = TextField('Username', validators=[DataRequired()])
+    """Login form."""
+
+    username = StringField('Username', validators=[DataRequired()])
     password = PasswordField('Password', validators=[DataRequired()])
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Create instance."""
         super(LoginForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.user = None
 
     def validate(self):
+        """Validate the form."""
         initial_validation = super(LoginForm, self).validate()
         if not initial_validation:
             return False
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/views.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/views.py
index 879291b..381e1cd 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/views.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/public/views.py
@@ -1,63 +1,63 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Public section, including homepage and signup."""
-from flask import (Blueprint, request, render_template, flash, url_for,
-                    redirect, session)
-from flask_login import login_user, login_required, logout_user
+from flask import Blueprint, flash, redirect, render_template, request, url_for
+from flask_login import login_required, login_user, logout_user
 
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.extensions import login_manager
-from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.models import User
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.public.forms import LoginForm
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.forms import RegisterForm
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.user.models import User
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.utils import flash_errors
-from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.database import db
 
-blueprint = Blueprint('public', __name__, static_folder="../static")
+blueprint = Blueprint('public', __name__, static_folder='../static')
 
 
 @login_manager.user_loader
 def load_user(id):
+    """Load user by ID."""
     return User.get_by_id(int(id))
 
 
-@blueprint.route("/", methods=["GET", "POST"])
+@blueprint.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
 def home():
+    """Home page."""
     form = LoginForm(request.form)
     # Handle logging in
     if request.method == 'POST':
         if form.validate_on_submit():
             login_user(form.user)
-            flash("You are logged in.", 'success')
-            redirect_url = request.args.get("next") or url_for("user.members")
+            flash('You are logged in.', 'success')
+            redirect_url = request.args.get('next') or url_for('user.members')
             return redirect(redirect_url)
         else:
             flash_errors(form)
-    return render_template("public/home.html", form=form)
+    return render_template('public/home.html', form=form)
 
 
 @blueprint.route('/logout/')
 @login_required
 def logout():
+    """Logout."""
     logout_user()
     flash('You are logged out.', 'info')
     return redirect(url_for('public.home'))
 
 
-@blueprint.route("/register/", methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+@blueprint.route('/register/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
 def register():
+    """Register new user."""
     form = RegisterForm(request.form, csrf_enabled=False)
     if form.validate_on_submit():
-        new_user = User.create(username=form.username.data,
-                        email=form.email.data,
-                        password=form.password.data,
-                        active=True)
-        flash("Thank you for registering. You can now log in.", 'success')
+        User.create(username=form.username.data, email=form.email.data, password=form.password.data, active=True)
+        flash('Thank you for registering. You can now log in.', 'success')
         return redirect(url_for('public.home'))
     else:
         flash_errors(form)
     return render_template('public/register.html', form=form)
 
 
-@blueprint.route("/about/")
+@blueprint.route('/about/')
 def about():
+    """About page."""
     form = LoginForm(request.form)
-    return render_template("public/about.html", form=form)
+    return render_template('public/about.html', form=form)
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/settings.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/settings.py
index ce70006..f94b81e 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/settings.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/settings.py
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Application configuration."""
 import os
 
 os_env = os.environ
 
 
 class Config(object):
-    SECRET_KEY = os_env.get('{{cookiecutter.app_name | upper}}_SECRET', 'secret-key')  # TODO: Change me
+    """Base configuration."""
+
+    SECRET_KEY = os_env.get('MYFLASKAPP_SECRET', 'secret-key')  # TODO: Change me
     APP_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))  # This directory
     PROJECT_ROOT = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(APP_DIR, os.pardir))
     BCRYPT_LOG_ROUNDS = 13
@@ -13,10 +16,12 @@ class Config(object):
     DEBUG_TB_ENABLED = False  # Disable Debug toolbar
     DEBUG_TB_INTERCEPT_REDIRECTS = False
     CACHE_TYPE = 'simple'  # Can be "memcached", "redis", etc.
+    SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False
 
 
 class ProdConfig(Config):
     """Production configuration."""
+
     ENV = 'prod'
     DEBUG = False
     SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'postgresql://localhost/example'  # TODO: Change me
@@ -25,6 +30,7 @@ class ProdConfig(Config):
 
 class DevConfig(Config):
     """Development configuration."""
+
     ENV = 'dev'
     DEBUG = True
     DB_NAME = 'dev.db'
@@ -37,6 +43,8 @@ class DevConfig(Config):
 
 
 class TestConfig(Config):
+    """Test configuration."""
+
     TESTING = True
     DEBUG = True
     SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://'
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/__init__.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/__init__.py
index a655bf1..c11ac5e 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/__init__.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """The user module."""
-from . import views
+from . import views  # noqa
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/forms.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/forms.py
index f4ba798..1ba4166 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/forms.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/forms.py
@@ -1,35 +1,40 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""User forms."""
 from flask_wtf import Form
-from wtforms import TextField, PasswordField
+from wtforms import PasswordField, StringField
 from wtforms.validators import DataRequired, Email, EqualTo, Length
 
 from .models import User
 
 
 class RegisterForm(Form):
-    username = TextField('Username',
-                    validators=[DataRequired(), Length(min=3, max=25)])
-    email = TextField('Email',
-                    validators=[DataRequired(), Email(), Length(min=6, max=40)])
+    """Register form."""
+
+    username = StringField('Username',
+                           validators=[DataRequired(), Length(min=3, max=25)])
+    email = StringField('Email',
+                        validators=[DataRequired(), Email(), Length(min=6, max=40)])
     password = PasswordField('Password',
-                                validators=[DataRequired(), Length(min=6, max=40)])
+                             validators=[DataRequired(), Length(min=6, max=40)])
     confirm = PasswordField('Verify password',
-                [DataRequired(), EqualTo('password', message='Passwords must match')])
+                            [DataRequired(), EqualTo('password', message='Passwords must match')])
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Create instance."""
         super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.user = None
 
     def validate(self):
+        """Validate the form."""
         initial_validation = super(RegisterForm, self).validate()
         if not initial_validation:
             return False
         user = User.query.filter_by(username=self.username.data).first()
         if user:
-            self.username.errors.append("Username already registered")
+            self.username.errors.append('Username already registered')
             return False
         user = User.query.filter_by(email=self.email.data).first()
         if user:
-            self.email.errors.append("Email already registered")
+            self.email.errors.append('Email already registered')
             return False
         return True
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/models.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/models.py
index 06ad15a..7fb50ef 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/models.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/models.py
@@ -1,33 +1,32 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""User models."""
 import datetime as dt
 
 from flask_login import UserMixin
 
+from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.database import Column, Model, ReferenceCol, SurrogatePK, db, relationship
 from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.extensions import bcrypt
-from {{cookiecutter.app_name}}.database import (
-    Column,
-    db,
-    Model,
-    ReferenceCol,
-    relationship,
-    SurrogatePK,
-)
 
 
 class Role(SurrogatePK, Model):
+    """A role for a user."""
+
     __tablename__ = 'roles'
     name = Column(db.String(80), unique=True, nullable=False)
     user_id = ReferenceCol('users', nullable=True)
     user = relationship('User', backref='roles')
 
     def __init__(self, name, **kwargs):
+        """Create instance."""
         db.Model.__init__(self, name=name, **kwargs)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        """Represent instance as a unique string."""
         return '<Role({name})>'.format(name=self.name)
 
 
 class User(UserMixin, SurrogatePK, Model):
+    """A user of the app."""
 
     __tablename__ = 'users'
     username = Column(db.String(80), unique=True, nullable=False)
@@ -41,6 +40,7 @@ class User(UserMixin, SurrogatePK, Model):
     is_admin = Column(db.Boolean(), default=False)
 
     def __init__(self, username, email, password=None, **kwargs):
+        """Create instance."""
         db.Model.__init__(self, username=username, email=email, **kwargs)
         if password:
             self.set_password(password)
@@ -48,14 +48,18 @@ class User(UserMixin, SurrogatePK, Model):
             self.password = None
 
     def set_password(self, password):
+        """Set password."""
         self.password = bcrypt.generate_password_hash(password)
 
     def check_password(self, value):
+        """Check password."""
         return bcrypt.check_password_hash(self.password, value)
 
     @property
     def full_name(self):
-        return "{0} {1}".format(self.first_name, self.last_name)
+        """Full user name."""
+        return '{0} {1}'.format(self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        """Represent instance as a unique string."""
         return '<User({username!r})>'.format(username=self.username)
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/views.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/views.py
index ca99cc8..2dff555 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/views.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/user/views.py
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""User views."""
 from flask import Blueprint, render_template
 from flask_login import login_required
 
-blueprint = Blueprint("user", __name__, url_prefix='/users',
-                      static_folder="../static")
+blueprint = Blueprint('user', __name__, url_prefix='/users', static_folder='../static')
 
 
-@blueprint.route("/")
+@blueprint.route('/')
 @login_required
 def members():
-    return render_template("users/members.html")
+    """List members."""
+    return render_template('users/members.html')
diff --git a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/utils.py b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/utils.py
index 2def30c..1bafe98 100644
--- a/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/utils.py
+++ b/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/{{cookiecutter.app_name}}/utils.py
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@
 from flask import flash
 
 
-def flash_errors(form, category="warning"):
+def flash_errors(form, category='warning'):
     """Flash all errors for a form."""
     for field, errors in form.errors.items():
         for error in errors:
-            flash("{0} - {1}"
-                  .format(getattr(form, field).label.text, error), category)
+            flash('{0} - {1}'.format(getattr(form, field).label.text, error), category)